直流电动机的单片机恒速控制系统设计.doc
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- 直流电动机 单片机 控制系统 设计
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1、摘 要 随着电力电子技术的不断发展和完善,直流调速装置已由模拟量控制变为数字量控制,与模拟量控制的直流调速装置相比,数字式直流调速装置不仅控制精确、运行稳定,而且硬件电路结构简单、操作灵活。采用ATMEL公司AVR系列单片机ATmgea 16作为控制芯片,兼顾成本与性能要求。本文设计了一种以ATmega 16单片机为核心的数字式小型直流电机恒速装置,该装置具有成本低、工作性能稳定、可靠等优点。 与交流电动机相比,直流电动机结构复杂,成本高,运行维护困难。但直流电动机 具有良好的调速性能、较大的起动转矩和过载能力强等许多优点,在许多需要调速或快速正反向的电力拖动领域中得到了广泛的应用。根据直流电
2、机的固有机械特性,本文设计了一种直流电动机转速恒值控制系统装置。该装置通过对普通三极管进行PWM控制,使其输出可控的直流电压进而实现直流调速,采用频率发电机测量电动机的转速。该装置采用闭环数字式PID控制,设计包括转速给定、转速显示、转速检侧和PWM输出等硬件、软件设计,文中最后对转速恒值控制效果的分析和调试阶段遇到的相关问题进行了阐述,并提出了行之有效的硬件、软件抗干扰措施和解决调试过程中相关问题的对策。通过编程、调试,所设计的直流恒速控制装置工作稳定、控制准确,实现了低成本、高性能的设计要求,弥补了现有恒速装置价格昂贵等缺点,该装置的研制具有一定的现实意义和可行性。关键词:直流电机;恒速;
3、单片机;PWM;PIDAbstractWith the development and achievement of the computer electronic technology, the instrument of DC electromotor driver has changed from simulative control into digital control. Compared with the former one, the instrument of digital controlling is not only with high precision in con
4、trolling and stabilization in movement, but also with the simple circuit and the flexible controlling. ATmage 16 an AVR series MCU product of ATMEL Company has been used. The consideration between low-cost and good-controlling performance has been well balanced by choosing this central-controlling u
5、nit. There is a kind of direct current motor speed control system was designed based on the ATmage 16 of single-Chip Computer, and this instrument possesses the characteristics of low-cost, steady and dependable capability and so on.Compare with AC electromotor, DC electromotor is more complex. The
6、cost is expensive and the maintenance is difficult. But DC motor has some merits, such as batter speed performance, bigger starting torque and stronger overload capacity, etc. Therefore, it is applied widely in many industries. According to the natural characteristics of DC motor, the instrument of
7、DC electromotor driver was based on the changing control transistor by PWM. It uses the frequency generator motor speed measurement to change the rectifying volt and achieve the purpose of the speed control. The system adopts the double-loops PID as the speed control. This paper includes the design
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