外文翻译-国城市给水处理创新技术应用与发展.doc

1、外文资料Development and application of some renovated technologies for municipal wastewater treatment in ChinaQIAN Yi,WEN Xianghua, HUANG Xia Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China AbstractChina has been experiencing fast economic development in r

2、ecent decades at the cost of serious environmental deterioration. Wastewater discharge, especially municipal wastewater discharge, and non-point pollution sources are becoming the major water pollution source and research focus. Great efforts have been made on water pollution control and a number of

3、 renovated technologies and processes for municipal wastewater treatment and reclamation as well as non-point pollution control have been developed and applied in China. This paper discusses the development and application of the appropriate technologies, including natural treatment systems, anaerob

4、ic biological treatment, biofilm reactors and wastewater reclamation technologies, for water pollution control in the country.1 IntroductionWith the rapid development of the industry and urbanization as well as the population growth , China is facing an increasingly serious water crisis in terms of

5、water shortage and pollution. The annual average precipitation in the country is 648 mm and the water resource available per capita is 2220m3/a, which is only 1/4 of that of the world. The low treatment rate of municipal wastewater, illegal discharge of industrial wastewater, and non-point pollution

6、 sources have resulted in severe water pollution, expressed by the deterioration of surface water, the eutrophication of lakes, the increase of nitrate in groundwater, etc. Persistence organic pollutants (POPs) have been monitored in some water bodies.To control water pollution in the country, thous

7、ands of scientists and engineers in this field have made great efforts in developing appropriate technologies of water and wastewater treatment. Preliminary progress has been obtained. This paper reviews the development and application of the appropriate technologies, including natural treatment sys

8、tems, anaerobic biological treatment and wastewater reclamation technologies, for water pollution control in China.2 Appropriate process and technology for wastewater treatment in ChinaChina is a big developing country with many environmental problems. Developing and applying appropriate wastewater

9、treatment processes and technologies characterized by high efficiency and low cost, is an urgent need for water pollution control in the country. The characteristics of appropriate process or technology for wastewater treatment in China are as follows:High system efficiency and stability in producin

10、g high quality effluent to be reused;Lower energy consumption and operational cost;Easy operation and maintenance;Accommodating to local conditions;Lower specific footprint to reduce the occupied land area and the investment cost.In the following paragraphs, some examples of appropriate processes an

11、d technologies for municipal wastewater treatment and non-point water pollution control developed and renovated by Chinese scientists and engineers are discussed.3 Natural wastewater purification systemsIn ancient China, people used excrement and urine to manure the fields, which can be considered a

12、s crude natural wastewater disposal schemes. Nowadays, there is an expanding worldwide interest in the application of natural purification systems as a low-cost, effective wastewater treatment process to purify wastewater and recycle valuable organics and nutrients.The natural purification processes

13、, including land treatment systems and stabilization ponds, had been intensively studied during the 1980s to the 1990s 13 in China. The major research focus was the design, performance, cost analysis and mechanisms of pollutant removal in natural treatment systems. More attention to the natural trea

14、tment system has been obtained since the late 1990s in the country when non-point source pollution control was introduced. The major processes studied and applied include: rapid infiltration 46, slow rate filtration 78, overland flow 1,9, subsurface infiltration 10,11, constructed wetland 1232, anae

15、robic, facultative, aerobic (aerated), high rate pond, etc. 3343. Various unit processes may be arranged in sequence to create an integrated treatment system 4451.Since 1990, large scale natural systems have been applied in many areas in China to treat municipal wastewater 8,13,23,28,36,42,47,48 and

16、 industrial wastewater 20,30,30. Some demonstration treatment systems 7,10,14,16,18,29,52 were also established. Table 1 summarizes the effluent quality of different natural treatment systems.The data in Table 1 show that all the applied natural treatment processes produced high quality effluent with low COD, BOD5, SS, TN, and TP. Moreover, the systems were very effective in removing potential and harmful recalcitrant organi