1、英文原文Reducing Commercial Fishing Deck Hazards with Engineering Solutions for Winch DesignJennifer M. Lincoln a,* , Devin L. Lucas a , Robert W. McKibbin b,Chelsea C. Woodward b, John E. Bevan ba NIOSH Alaska Field Station, Anchorage Alaskab NIOSH Spokane Research Lab, Spokane WashingtonAvailable onli
2、ne 20 March 2008AbstractIntroduction: The majority (67%) of hospitalized injuries among Alaska commercial fishermen are associated with deck machinery. This paper describes the “Prevention Through Design” process to mitigate one serious machinery entanglement hazard posed by a capstan deck winch. Me
3、thods: After observing that the capstan winch provides no entanglement protection and the hydraulic controls are usually out of reach of the entangled person, NIOSH personnel met with fishermen and winch manufacturers to discuss various design solutions to mitigate these hazards. Results: An emergen
4、cy-stop (“e-stop”) system was developed that incorporated a momentary contact button that when pushed, switches a safety-relay that deenergizes the solenoid of an electro-hydraulic valve stopping the rotating winch. The vessel owners that had the e-stop installed enthusiastically recommend it to oth
5、er fishermen. NIOSH entered into a Proprietary Technology Licensing Agreement with a company to develop the system for commercial use. Conclusions: This is an example of a practical engineering control that effectively protects workers from a hazardous piece of equipment by preventing injuries due t
6、o entanglement. This solution could reduce these types of debilitating injuries and fatalities in this industry. 2008 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Prevention through design; PtD; Commercial fishing; Entanglement hazards; Engineering solution; Injury prevent
7、ion1. IntroductionCommercial fishing is the most dangerous occupation in the United States. In 2006, 51 commercial fishermen were killed on the job resulting in an occupational fatality rate of 142 per 100,000 workers, the highest rate for any occupation in the United States and 36 times higher than
8、 the average fatality rate for all U.S. workers (Bureau of Labor Statistics BLS, 2007). During 19942004, 641 commercial fishermen died in the United States. Of these, 332 (52%) died after their vessel sank, and another 184 (29%) fatalities were due to falls overboard. The remainder of the fatalities
9、 were due to a variety of causes, including deck injuries (51, 8%; Dickey & Ellis, 2006). These fatal deck injuries are from machinery and fishing gear. In Alaska, fatal deck injuries are even more prevalent, accounting for 12% of all fatalities during 20002006 (Commercial Fishing Incident Database
10、CFID, 2007). Prevention efforts should emphasize preventing the loss of life due to the loss of a vessel, falls overboard, and injuries on deck. This paper focuses on the efforts to prevent injuries on deck, including the redesign of machinery or the retrofitting of safety features on fishing machin
11、ery and equipment.An important issue to address is jurisdiction of regulatory agencies on uninspected commercial fishing vessels. Both the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) have authority over the safety of employees onboard commercial fishing vesse
12、ls. The USCG is the lead agency; OSHA only has jurisdiction out to 3 miles from shore. In addition OSHA is precluded from enforcement with respect to working conditions regulated by other federal agencies. Therefore, the promulgation of safety regulations by the USCG preempts OSHA with respect to th
13、ose working conditions specifically addressed by Coast Guard regulations. The USCG does have regulations in regard to machine guarding, but the extent to which these are enforced is limited.In Alaska, most fatalities in the commercial fishing industry are also due to the loss of a fishing vessel. Ho
14、wever, injury epidemiologists at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Alaska Field Station have shown that most (67%) severe nonfatal injuries occur on deck during the deployment and retrieval of fishing gear (Thomas, Lincoln, Husberg, & Conway, 2001). Severe nonfatal in
15、juries are defined as those requiring hospitalization and include lacerations, broken bones, severe head injuries, and smashed limbs. The deck of a fishing boat is a slippery, constantly moving work platform that is often congested with machinery and fishing equipment. Many of the deck machines used
16、 on commercial fishing vessels lack adequate guarding and safety features and entanglement is a particular hazard. NIOSH found that during 19912002, 798 fishermen were hospitalized for severe nonfatal injuries, which is equivalent to an annual rate of 410 per 100,000 full-time equivalent fishermen. Of these injuries, 23% were due to being entangled or struck by lines or gear, or being trapped in a winch, pulley, or other deck equipment (Lincoln, Husber
