1、外文资料HEAT TREATMENT OF METALSThe understanding of heat treatment is embrace by the broader study of metallurgy .Metallurgy is the physics, chemistry , and engineering related to metals from ore extraction to the final product . Heat treatment is the operation do heating and cooling a metal in its sol
2、id state to change its physical properties. According to the procedure used, steel can be hardened to resist cutting action and abrasion , or it can be softened to permit machining .With the proper heat treatment internal ductile interior . The analysis of the steel must be known because small perce
3、ntages of certain elements,notably carbon , greatly affect the physical properties .Alloy steels owe their properties to the presence of one or more elements other than carbon, namely nickel, chromium , manganese , molybdenum , tungsten ,silicon , vanadium , and copper . Because of their improved ph
4、ysical properties they are used commercially in many ways not possible with carbon steels.The following discussion applies principally to the heat treatment of ordinary commercial steel known as plain-carbon steels .With this proves the rate of cooling is the controlling factor, produces the opposit
5、e effect .A SIMPLIFIED IRON-CARBON DAGRAMIf we focus only on the materials normally known as steels, a simplified diagram is often used . Those portions of the iron-carbon diagram near the delta region and those above 2% carbon content are of little importance to the engineer and are deleted. A simp
6、lified diagram, such as the one in Fig . 2.1 focuses on the eutectoid region and is quite useful in understanding the properties and processing of steel.The key transition described in this diagram is the decomposition of single-phase austenite ()to the two-phase ferrite plus carbide structure as te
7、mperature drop . Control of this reaction ,which arises due to the drastically different carbon solubilities of austenite and ferrite , enables a wide range of properties to be achieved through heat treatment .To begin to understand these processes , consider s steel of the eutectoid composition , 0
8、.77% carbon , being slow cooled along line in Fig .2.1 At the upper temperatures , only austenite is present , the 0.77% carbon being dissolved in solid solution with the iron . When the steel cools to 727, several changes occur simultaneously . The iron wants to change from the bcc austenite struct
9、ure to the bcc ferrite Structure , but the ferrite san only contain 0.02% carbon in solid solution . The rejected carbon forms the carbon-rich cementite intermetallic with composition.In essence , the net reaction at the eutectoid is: Austenite ferrite +cementiteSince this chemical separation of the
10、 carbon component occurs entirely in the solid state, the resulting structure is a fine mechanical mixture of ferrite and cementite . Speciments prepared by plolishing and etching in a weak solution lf nitric acid and alcohol reveal the lamellar structure lf alternating plates that forms on slow coo
11、ling . This structure is composed of two distinct phases, but has its own set of characteristic properties and goes by the name pearlite , because of its resemblance to mother-of-pearl at low magnification.Steels having less than the eutectoid amount of carbon(less than 0.77%)are known as hypoeutect
12、oid steels . Consider now the transformation of such a material represented by cooling along line y-y in Fig .2.1.At high temperatures , the material is entrirely austenite, but upon cooling enters a region where the stable phases are ferrite and austenite . Tie-line and lever-law calculations show
13、that low-carbon ferrite nucleates and grows, leaving the remaining austenite richer in carbon . At 727C (1341F),the austenite is of eutectoid compositon(0.77%carbon)and further cooling transforms the remaining austenite to pearlite. The resulting structure is a mixture lf primary or proeutectoid fer
14、rite (ferrite that formed above the eutectoid reaction )and regions of pearlite.Hypereutectoid steels are steels that contain greater than the eutectoid amount of carbon. When such a steel cools, as in z-zof Fig .2.1 the process is similar to the hypoeutectoid case, except that the primary or proeut
15、ectoid phase is now cementite instead lf ferrite . As the carbon-rich phase forms, the remaining austenite decreases in carbon content, reaching the eutectoid composition at 727C(1341F).As before, any remaining austenite transforms to pearlite upon slow cooling through this temperature.It should be
16、remembered that the transitions that have been described by the phase diagrams are for equilibrium conditions , which can be approximated by slow cooling , With slow heating, these transitions occur in the revertse manner . However, when alloys are cooled rapidly ,entirely different results may be obtained , because sufficient time is not provided for the normal phase reactions to occur, In such cases , the phase diagram is no longer a useful tool for engine
