1、翻译部分（英文原文）Coal facies studies in SpainIsabel Suarez-Ruiz ,*, Amalia JimenezINCAR (CSIC), Ap. Co., 73, 33080, Oviedo, SpainGeology, University of Oviedo, 33005, Oviedo, SpainReceived 1 January 2003; accepted 6 June 2003Abstract：This work is a synthesis of the distribution of the main coal basins and
2、sub-basins in Spain as well as the research carried out on their coal facies. The coal fields are distributed through the Paleozoic (mainly Pennsylvanian), Mesozoic (Cretaceous) and Cenozoic times. Peats also exist in the southeast Spain (Granada area), although these types of deposits are not inclu
3、ded in this review. Spanish coal basins are both of a paralic and intramontane type and the coal rank is highly variable, from lignite in the case of the younger coal seams to anthracite for those of Carboniferous age.2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: Spain; Coal; Paleozoic; Mesozoic;
4、 Coal basins; Rank; Coal facies1. IntroductionThe analysis of facies in Spanish coal basins has developed since the 1980s, although not many data have been reported. The works are mainly based on stratigraphic and sedimentological studies. In some basins, paleobotanical studies, organic petrology an
5、d geochemistry have also contributed significant infor-mation about coal facies. Coal basins and other coal areas in Spain are shown in Fig. 1.2. Synthesis of Spanish coal faciesCoal facies analyses have been mainly performed in the following coal basins:Cenozoic coals:-Mequinenza Basin. Oligocene.
6、Sub-bituminous coals.-As Pontes Basin. Eocene Oligocene. Lignite.-Pyrenees area (Berga, Tremp and Ager zones).-Cretaceous Tertiary (Garumnian). Sub-bituminous coals.Mesozoic coals:-Teruel Basin. Lower and Upper Cretaceous. Sub-bituminous coals. Paleozoic (Carboniferous) coals:-Puertollano Basin. Ste
7、phanian. High-volatile bitu-minous coals.-Cantabrian Range. Pennsylvanian (Westphalian and Stephanian). Bituminous and anthracite coals. -Penarroya Belmez Espiel area (Penarroya area).Pennsylvanian (Westphalian). Bituminous and an-thracite coals.There are other small basins and sub-basins of Carboni
8、ferous and Cretaceous age located in the Pyrenees range as well as Carboniferous coal fields (Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age) in the south and southwestern parts of Spain, but scarce or no data on their coal facies have been reported.Fig. 1. Coal resources in Spain including exploitable coal ba
9、sins and other coal areas (data from IGME, 1985).2.1. Cenozoic coalsLignites of Mio Pliocene age are found in Gran-ada (Fig. 1) which are linked with lacustrine facies.These types of facies are also assigned to the Tertiary lignite seams from the Baleares Islands (IGME, 1985). However, the most impo
10、rtant and best de-scribed areas containing Tertiary coals are those of the As Pontes and Mequinenza Basins (Fig. 1).2.1.1. As Pontes Basin (Eocene Oligocene age)2.1.1.1. Cabrera et al. (1995). Lignite deposits recorded in the Cenozoic As Pontes strike-slip basin (Northwestern Spain) were formed due
11、to early, favourable, warm humid, tropical subtropical pale-oclimatic conditions which later evolved into slightly drier and cooler conditions. The main features of these lignites resulted from the tectonic evolution of the basin, due to the influence of tectonics on the sedimentation/subsidence rat
12、e and on the morphology of the basin. The evolution and distribution of the coal facies in this basin is as follows (from bottom to top of the series):(i) swamp marsh to shallow lacustrine facies.(ii) retroactive expansive swamp marsh sequence and progradational retrogradational sequence.(iii) swamp
13、 marsh and alluvial facies.(iv) alluvial swamp marsh facies.Sedimentological, petrological and organic geo-chemical data point to the conclusion that, although the paleoenvironments where peat deposition took place did not undergo dramatic changes, they were affected by distinguishable variations (i
14、.e.,water hydrochemistry and groundwater-level stability), linked mostly to the evolution of the morphology and the water balance of the basin.2.1.1.2. Haggeman et al. (1997). Coal seams from the As Pontes Basin are characterized by the frequent occurrences of bright brown coal layers which are high
15、ly degraded compared with the dark coals from the same basin. The formation of these bright layers occurred especially during the early evolution stage and was influenced by water table oscillations. Thus, the origin of these levels are clearly related to the depositional environment in which the co
16、nditions became progressively drier and more stable towardsthe top of the coal-bearing series where bright layers are found. These authors established that the defined depositional conditions are of far more relevance to the brightness of the coal seam in the As Pontes Basinthan the variations in plant supply. Another important area containing
