1、翻译部分英文原文 A short review on the surficial impacts of underground mining I ik Yilmaz* and Mustafa YildirimAbstractSubsidence in terrains is one of the most serious geological hazards because they can effect slopes and damage engineering structures, settlement areas, natural lakes, and allow infiltrati
2、on of contaminant into the groundwater. Causes of underground mining activities such as subsidence, slope deformation, etc. are very important problems in most countries and these types of impacts are very well known in coal, metal and other types of mining. The main aim of this article is to provid
3、e technical documentation of environmental impacts related to underground mining, to discuss significant impacts on the environment and land-use during and/or after underground mining projects. Identification, measuring and mitigation of the effect of underground mining activities for practitioners
4、is also aimed in this short review article. This short review article will also be important in order to better understand the nature and magnitude of displacements that can affect surface infrastructure.Key words:Underground mining, subsidence, collapse, slope deformation, surface1. IntroductionWhe
5、n the extraction coal, oil, shale and other minerals or geological materials by surface mining is impossible, underground mining methods are used. In underground mining, geological materials completely enclose the working environment. Underground mining is one of the most important mining activities
6、 in the world and it has been found as very large terrestrial areas in different parts of the world. Underground mining (soft rock) refers to a group of underground mining techniques used to extract coal, oil shale and other minerals or geological materials from rocks, and this technique also differ
7、s greatly from surface mining techniques. Shortwall, longwall, room and pillar, blast, etc. are the few methods in underground mining activity. Removal of the material by underground mining can create environmental problems and safety hazards.Longwall mining (Figure 1) is a kind of underground minin
8、g where a long wall of material is mined in a single slice (typically 1 to 2 m thick). The longwall panel (the block of material that is being mined) is typically 3 to 4 km long and 250 to 400 m wide. However shortwall mining is similar to longwall mining. Panels in shortwall mining are 50 to 100 m
9、wide and more than a half-kilometer long. As explained by Hustrulid and Bullock (2001), longwall mining applies to thin-bedded deposits of uniform thick-ness and large horizontal extend. Longwall mining applies to both hard and soft rock as the working area along the mining face can be artificially
10、supported where the hanging wall tends to collapse. The longwall mining method extracts ore along a straight front having a large longitudinal extension.Blast mining is an older practice of mining that uses explosives such as dynamite to break up the coal seam, after which the coal is gathered and l
11、oaded onto shuttle cars or conveyors for removal to a central loading area. This process consists of a series of operations that begins with cutting the coal bed so that it will break easily when blasted with explosives. This type of mining accounts for less than 5% of total underground production i
12、n the U.S. today.Surface subsidence and slope deformation due to underground mining activities is an old problem, and the increase in use of long wall mining and further housing development into the abandoned mine lands in the suburban areas further accelerated the public concerns about surface subs
13、idence and slope deformation due to underground mining.Subsidence or collapse can be defined as the vertical ground movement and have serious effects on buildings, services and communications. Sinking and/or lowering of a land surface, which may occur gradually or suddenly, affects areas from few sq
14、uare meters to square kilometers. Collapse and subsidence may occur in the course of time or suddenly and catastrophically. Planning and precautions in such hazardous areas is very important and has a priority. Remediation and con-struction of the special building is needed at a higher cost. So, leg
15、islation for very special construction regulations put the contractors or owners to a higher expense.The aim of this article is to provide technical documentation of environmental impacts related to underground mining, to discuss significant impacts on the environment and land use during and/or afte
16、r underground mining projects. This short review article will also be important in order to better understand the nature and magnitude of displacements that can affect surface infrastructure.Figure 1. Longwall method in underground mining (Hamrin, 1980)SURFACE IMPACT OF THE UNDERGROUND MINING METHODSHowever, the main impacts of underground mining activities on the surface are subsidence and slope de
