1、翻译部分翻译原文Detection of Gases and Collapses in Underground Mines using WSN S. Molina I. Soto R.CarrascoDepartment of Industrial Department of Industrial School of Electrical, Electronic Engineering. Engineering. and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Santiago of Chile University of Santiago of Chile Uni
2、versity of Santiago of ChileAbstract- Safety is an element of extreme priority in mining operations, currently many traditional mining countries are investing in the implementation of wireless sensors capable of reducing the number of accidents; through early warning signs to prevent injuries, dead
3、and significant economic losses. The application of sensors capable of measuring in real time variables of interest, promises to be of great impact on safety for mining industry. In this publication analyzed the main causes of accidents in coal mining underground, the technical issues to implement a
4、n efficient monitoring program of collapses and gases into underground mining. Issues related with the advantages, management and mine operations are discussed, including the analysis of Benefit, Opportunity, Cost and Risk. The publication will focus on coal mines, because these seem to be most acci
5、dent prone underground mining environments. However, many of the reported results can be extrapolated to other mining activities.I. INTRODUCTIONDeveloped countries that perform mining activities are interested in developing sensor networks that can reduce the number of human injury accidents (that m
6、ay be the cause of death or not) by sending early warning signals of dangerous working conditions. Most accidents in underground mines are related to the presence of coalbed gas or landslides. This publication analyzes the main causes of accidents in underground coal mines and how to monitor the var
7、iables causing these accidents using sensor networks, with attention driven towards their application in wireless sensor networks (WSN). The idea is to categorize sensor technology taking into account operation principles, measurement range, accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, time and locat
8、ion sampling rate requirements and relate it to energy saving restrictions associated to WSNs. The publication will focus on underground coal mines, as they are more prone to accidents due to rock weaknesses and the presence of gases.A. Analysis of Mining AccidentsUnderground coal mining is consider
9、ed as one of the most dangerous works because there are many hazardous factors thatcoal mines usually are imbedded in structurally weak soil, that easily collapses unless a well designed and build structure keeps it in place. However that is not done because it is too expensive and is of no use once
10、 the mineral is removed. The coal itself generates gases that are dangerous to human health and are not easily detected by normal means. Therefore, therehas been an interest in applying technology to monitor working conditions in real-time to increase safety within the mine workings 1, 2. This has s
11、ignificantly reduced the number of victims in recent years, 3.Not surprisingly, countries with great mining history, such as the United States of America (USA) and China, record the highest accident statistics related to this activity. Table I shows the statistics from 2000 to 2008, where the total
12、underground mining deaths in the U.S.A and China. Whereas the numbers for China simply refer to totals, the numbers for the U.S.A have to be interpreted the following way: in the year 2000, 38 people died, significantly reducing the number of victims in 2008, whereas the incident rate (IR) for 200,0
13、00 working hours is 0.4 4. Roughly speaking the mortality rate in China is 2 orders of magnitude larger than the one in the U.S.A, which shows thatlabour conditions in both countries are very different. Also, the mortality rate in China in deaths per million tons produced is about 37 times mortality
14、 rate of the U.S.A, 3. The collapses in mining are natural consequence of altering the structuralstability of the rock and poor provision by staff to counter the effect of introducing instability as the mining activity is performed.The depth of the mines increases the risk factor; the weight of the
15、rocks located at top of the galleries could cause an explosion in the walls or small explosions of rocks if the resistance of the rocks is exceeded. Among the 480 coal mine fatalities reported in the past 10 years in the U.S.A., collapses account for more than 50%. Most fatalities are the result of
16、small collapses caused by falling roof or walls, 5. Normally it is the ceiling structure of an underground tunnel that gives way under pressure from the material that is above it.The roof fall injury and fatality rates from 1996 to 2005 for underground mines are shows in the table III. 5.II. FACTORS AFFECTING SAFETY IN UNDER
