1、外文文献：INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS, INTEGRATING DESIGNAbstractAccording to the apt wording of a university lecture on the future of architecture :The growing focus on the issues of sustainable architecture may be evaluated as a paradigm change of building science, which reflects the changes in social priori
2、ties.The following article takes on to expound so me important elements of this phenomenon, discussing:1. the effects that form of energy, form of society and building activity impose on one another.2. the change in the energy approach.3. the definition of architecture-related intelligence.4. the co
3、nnection between ecology and high-tech.5. the characteristics of integrating design .6. the relationship between the building and its users.Keywords: intelligent building constructions; intelligent buildings; integrating design; ecological building; high tech.1. Form of Energy, Form of Society and B
4、uildingWhen examining the history of mankind, the fact that form of energy, form of society and building activity are related may be realized. After the societies of wood, coal and oil, the age of post-oil society has arrived, and to the people of today this change seems to be the most significant o
5、f all. One of the most important tasks is to replace the consumption of energy and resources with their circulation.The report entitled The Boundaries of Growth, published by The Roman Club in 1972, was the first to state that industrial production, the increasing consumption of raw materials and en
6、vironmental pollution threaten the future of mankind. According to the Brundtland Report, published in 1987, that marked an important stage in the search for the way out: Only that development is acceptable which satisfies the needs of the generation of today in a way that does not jeopardize the po
7、ssibilities of future generations to satisfy their own needs. The following must be considered when discussing the topic: Building activity, in itself, has harmful effects on the environment, already. It kills the vegetation, destroys natural soil tissues, blocks the drainage of rainwater thus makin
8、g the micro-climate worse. The amount of energy used for erection and operation of buildings is enormous. Its level reaches half of the total energy consumption of the nation and the resulting toxic emission harms the environment. However, it is obvious that the needs of the ever-growing population
9、of Earth can only be satisfied by increasingly efficient building activity of ever growing volume.2. The Change in the Energy ApproachTraditional building methods are characterized by massive structures. Their primary purpose was to protect the internal space from environmental, climatic effects. Th
10、is behaviour may be described as defensive and passive.The program of modern architecture, born after World War I, was to let light, air and sun enter the apartments. It was a protest against narrow streets, small windows and unhealthy, semi-dark interiors. In the spaces behind the huge glass facade
11、s, however, the air, overheated by solar radiation, was suffocating and the intense radiation resulted in glare. The will to improve was hindered by the lack of sufficient knowledge of building physics and technical opportunities. In the beginning, modern architecture was only able to satisfy people
12、s need for light, air and sunshine in a formal manner.Later it gradually became possible for the developing science of building engineering to counterbalance the architectural, structural weaknesses of buildings by means of technical devices. By the late 70s the technical background for active tempe
13、rature control has become sufficient, so air conditioning became common in public and industrial buildings of a higher standard. This solution, however, is insupportable due to its high energy consumption and environmental effects.After the Energy Crisis of 19731974, specialists analyzed the light,
14、heat, and air currents and the energy system of buildings, in depth. They realized that there was a constant exchange between the building and its surroundings. The surfaces of the building reflect, transmit, absorb, store and transfer currents of energy. Today by the further development of the conc
15、ept of passive temperature control and by deliberately making use of these effects the building itself becomes its own air conditioning. The architecture of the 21st Century breaks away from tradition and tries to gain energy from radiation in the winter, while in the summer it tries to minimize or
16、store heat gain, by means of shading and ventilation. It responds to the effects of the surroundings in an interactive manner.The solar energy radiated to the outer surfaces of an average family house in Middle Europe exceeds the energy need of the house 6-8 times, as recorded data has justified. Besides, other forms of regenerative energy are also available, such as wind, water, geothermal, etc. energy. Up-to-date buildings, that
