1、翻 译 部 分英文原文Building damage risk assessment on mining terrains in Poland with GIS applicationA.Malinowska , R.HejmanowskiAGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mine Surveying and Environmental Engineering, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, PolandAbstractThe aim of the paper was to pres
2、ent an approach to building damage risk assessment on mining induced areas. The presented method was developed in Poland and then adopted in the other European countries. The method shown is based on a comparison between buildings strength and terrain deformation. Prediction principles of the mining
3、 terrain deformation and terrain categorization were described in the paper. Moreover a point method for a building strength to mining impact evaluation was discussed. It should be emphasized that the presented method is optimal for densely build-up areas. The authors proposed supporting actually ap
4、plied method by GIS analyses. As a case study a densely build-up area influenced by an underground mining exploitation of one of the biggest Polish coal mines has been chosen. The application of the presented method supported by GIS on chosen area enables more automated assessment of building damage
5、 caused by mining activity. The procedure outlined in this paper may also be satisfactorily applied in the other counties which cope with the problem of building damage risk assessment optimization.Keywords: Risk assessment, GIS ,Mining subsidence, Building damage1.IntroductionAnalyses and expert op
6、inions about damage risk of terrains before planned mining exploitation have been usually based on theoretical calculations and studies of surface maps. Owing to the gradually developing and improving calculation theories it was possible to predict surface deformations and assess consequences of exp
7、loitation 1,6,7,10,11,1523. The lack of automation of the analysis processes as well as relatively poor calculation potential significantly hindered mining prophylaxy. Mines had to develop their construction and metrology services to evaluate the post- mining consequences on surface objects and pred
8、ict damage by the planned exploitation. Such solutions, however, did not account for the rapidly changing demand in the World markets. They also did not enable taking quick prevention measures against mining impact. The development of computer technology and GIS (Geographic Information System) softw
9、are was a real break- through in this subject area 2,4,5,9,10,14.Owing to the densely developed areas under the mining impact, the mining hazard has always been an important issue in Poland, Germany and Czech Republic. This experience may be useful for such countries as China, USA, Canada or Austral
10、ia, where mining is flourishing and the mining-related problems are commonplace.The Polish approach was originally developed in the 1960s and then improved in the 1990s, thanks to which it was relatively easy to evaluate the hazard in areas subjected to mining deformations 3,13. This method was pres
11、ented in the first part of the paper. After further modifications, this method was also popularized in Germany 18. It was also appreciated in other mining centers over the World 15. The inconvenience resulting from too much of global treatment of buildings and too great generalization of surface haz
12、ard with post-mining deformations has been pointed out in numerous papers and lectures delivered at various conferences 8,9,17. The applicability of GIS technology enables more automated approach and of the Polish method of evaluating hazard to buildings in the mining areas by GIS analyses. The spat
13、ial distribution of predicted surface subsidences and information about buildings strength are entered into GIS database. Based on this information using spatial and attribute queries hazarded building are selected. The presented method was applied to a specific real situation of a big Polish coal m
14、ine. Afterwards, as a consequence of application of this method expenditures on construction prophylaxy for a large extraction field could be limited.2.Prediction of surface subsidence due to coal and copper ore underground exploitation In Poland the influence function method developed by Knothe is
15、the best known approach to predicting surface subsidence on terrain surface above exploited deposits 12. The originally developed approach in 1951 evolved over years to be compatible with a complicated geological situation in the Polish coal basin and copper ore district. The algorithms and predicti
16、on approaches used in Poland were adapted on the basis of Knothes theory to create a calculation computer system. The basic principle applied in the calculation algorithm of the system is the division of the whole exploitation plot into elementary parts (Fig. 1). Exploitation of each element evokes elementary fields of displacements (subsidence trough) 15. Thus, for any point of terrain surface one can determine a v
