1、专题部分采煤沉陷地生态环境修复模式研究摘 要淮南是典型的煤炭矿业城市，华东地区最大的能源工业基地。伴随“煤电一体化”建设，“三废一沉”是“生态矿区”建设面临的突出生态环境问题。本研究选择淮南兴盛型矿井区（淮河以北潘谢新矿区内），以淮南首个“煤电一体化”项目-田集电厂的大体积工业废物（粉煤灰）生态化处置，和潘集第一煤矿采煤沉陷地土地复垦与生态重建为目的，研究探讨优化的“综合生态修复模式”，建设“田集采煤沉陷地生态环境修复科技示范园”。本文在项目区社会经济评判，生态环境调查数据的综合分析基础上，对生态环境修复技术进行综合评估，运用课题组对淮南粉煤灰生态化处置和矿区沉陷水体生态环境风险评价的研究成果
2、，结合笔者的田集电厂粉煤灰生态农业应用可行性研究结论，研究构建“田集综合生态修复模式”：即动态粉煤灰充填和多形式非充填采煤沉陷地生态修复模式。本人规划设计粉煤灰混合土壤覆土生态农业试验，在大体积粉煤灰充填复垦背景下，研究其各类覆土情况下土壤特性与农作物生长特征，通过系统采样研究粉煤灰中金属在植物生长过程中的生物可利用性。实验结果表明：最佳的覆土厚度是 30cm，金属生物可利用性和食品安全评判符合相关标准。本文以生态环境系统修复理念建立“田集模式”，建设“田集生态农业科技示范园”。在动态粉煤灰充填采煤沉陷地，通过优化设计粉煤灰动态充填方案，发展生态农业，尤其是综合周遍大面积水域开发，大力发展高附
3、加值禽、牧养殖业以及高架（立体）农业。在非充填采煤沉陷地，实施多形式土地复垦与生态重建工程（疏排法、挖深垫浅、土地平整工程等），构建“农、林、牧、渔、禽”生态农业景观，和“物质流、能量流”循环生态体系。最后，在一系列研究及探讨的基础上提出的两大修复模式将是淮南“生态矿区”建设的依据，为采煤沉陷地实现可持续发展提供了有益的参考方案，对全面推进淮南采煤沉陷地生态环境修复，建设“生态淮南”具有重要意义。关键词：粉煤灰；环境效应；采煤沉陷地；生态修复；矿区Huainan is a typical coal-mining city, and an important energy industry ba
4、se ineast of China. Now, accompany with “coal-power” integrated construction,waste-water, waste gas, industrial solid waste and subsidence land, that “three wastes,one subsidence” has been formed, which are prominent eco-environment problems inecological mining area construction. This research subje
5、ct chooses prosperous miningarea(Panxie new mining area, in the north of Huaihe river), take the first case of“coal-power integrated” projectmassive industrial waste (fly ash) ecologicaltreatment in Tianji power plant, land reclamation and ecological rehabilitation ofcoal-mining subsidence land in P
6、anji No1 coal mine, research and discussoptimal“synthetic eco-restoration model”, construct“science-technology demonstrationgarden of eco-environment restoration in Tianji coal-mining subsidence land”.This paper carrys on comprehensive assessment of eco-environment restorationtechnology, which based
7、 on social economicevaluation and comprehensive analysis ofeco-environmental survey data，our studying team developing eco-environment riskanalysis of subsidence water and fly ash ecological treatment, by applying this researchresults, and combining the my conclusion of eco-agriculture application fe
8、asibilitywith fly ash, “Tianji synthetic eco-environment model” is established, that is dynamicfilling with fly ash and multiform non-filling eco-restoration model of coal-miningsubsidence land.I plan and design the eco-agricultural test of fly ash mixed with soil, research soilproperties and crop g
9、rowth character in different soil covering conditions, which basedon filling reclamation with massive fly ash, then research bio-availability of metal infly ash during growth process of plants. The results showed that, the best covering soilthickness was 30cm, bio-availability of metal and food secu
10、rity both come up torelative standards.This paper establishes Tianji restoration model based on eco-environmentsystem restoration theory, and constructs Tianji science-technology demonstrationgarden of eco-agriculture. For the dynamic filling with fly ash in coal-miningsubsidence land, by optimal de
11、signing scheme of dynamic filling with fly ash, it issuitable for developing eco-agriculture, especially exploiting subsidence water fieldaround the area, greatly developing high additional value livestock and poultrycultivation industry, as well as elevated stereo-agriculture. For non-filling subsi
12、denceland, it is feasible to implement multiform engineering of land reclamation andecological rehabilitation(just as dredging and draining method, dig deep and padshallow project, land levelling project), constructagriculture, forestry, grazing, fishing,poultry eco-agriculture landscape and materia
13、l flow, energy flow circularecosystem.In conclusion, on the basis of research and discussion, two restoration models areput forward, which are the basis of construction of “ecological mining area” inHuainan, and the referential beneficial solution for coal-mining subsidence lands torealize the susta
14、inable development is supplied, all of this work has great significanceto comprehensively promote eco-environment restoration of subsidence lands, and theconstruction of “Ecological Huainan”.KeyWords ： Huainan coal-mining area ， coal fly ash ， environmental impact ，coal-mining subsidence lands，ecolo
15、gical restoration，modelChinese books catalog:610.1035、目 录1 绪论1.1 课题来源、研究背景及意义1.1.1 课题来源本课题来源于安徽省“十一五”科技攻关项目：潘集采煤沉陷地复垦及生态重建技术示范1.1.2 研究背景淮南是华东地区最大的能源工业基地，典型的煤炭矿业城市。多年来，煤炭资源的大规模开采和利用在推动社会经济发展，带来客观效益的同时，也引发了一系列的生态环境问题：大量工业固体废物，尤其是粉煤灰和煤矸石的产生和堆置，大面积采煤沉陷地的形成。不仅导致矿区大量耕地的丧失与退化，而且加剧了矿区空气、水体、土壤、植被污染和生态系统的破坏，严
16、重影响矿区经济的持续发展，生态景观以及人们正常的生产、生活。采煤沉陷地生态修复是建设生态矿区的必然途径，在国外研究较早，现在国内也是一个研究热点，并逐渐趋于成熟化，系统化。面对淮南矿区土地资源的稀缺和煤电工业固废“三化”处理的严峻形势，采取粉煤灰充填沉陷地是一个重要的处置方法，同时与非充填生态修复一并构成采煤沉陷地的两种生态环境修复模式。本文选择淮南兴盛型矿井区（淮河以北潘一矿井区内），在“三大基地”和“生态淮南”建设背景下，依托安徽省“十一五”科技攻关项目实施(2006-2008 年)和淮南生态市建设规划（20032020 年），研究采煤沉陷地的生态修复模式，建设“田集采煤沉陷地生态环境修复科技示范园”，对全面推进淮南矿区采煤沉陷地生态环境修复，建成华东大型经济型生态矿区，实现“生态淮南”建设目标具有重要的现实意义。1.1.3 研究目的本研究在潘一矿采煤塌陷现状及存在问题的基础上，以建设“生态潘集
