1、英文原文ADDED VALUE:THE REQUIREMENTS OF MINE CLEARERS AND DONORSFROM NEW MINE DETECTION TECHNOLOGIESRobert KeelyHead of United Nations Mine Actions Center(Croatia)INTRODUCTION:Estimates suggest that there are some 6 million mines laid in the former Yugoslavia.These mines are mainly laid in belts along t
2、he former confrontation lines. The greatest contamination is estimated to cover about 8000 square kilometres throughout Bosnia and Croatia.Mine clearance is an occupation that does contain an inherent element of risk, and some casualties are inevitable. Although many mines are damaged or even booby
3、trapped, training and the use of the appropriate render - safe procedure (RSP) contribute to the process of minimizing the risk to mine clearers during the rendering safe process once a mine has been located. Indeed,although some casualties amongst mine clearers are caused by the handling of the min
4、e as part of the RSP,they are often caused by mines not detected by the mine clearer. In other words, It is the mine that the mine clearer doesnt see that bites him on the way to deal with the mine that he intends to disarm.Furthermore, and to put this into perspective, most of the number of mine in
5、cidents in Yugoslavia involved people not involved in mine clearance operations. For example,of the 200-plus incidents involving UN personnel in the former Yugoslavia, only 16% were engaged in mine clearance drills. The others were people engaged on normal tasks. Most of these incidents occurred bec
6、ause the mines were not visible. Similarly, the majority of mine casualties within the civilian population occurred because the victims were unaware they were in a mined area.In other words, it is the difficulty involved in the detection of mines and the identification of mined areas that present th
7、e greatest problems to mine clearance and bomb disposal operations, and limits our ability to warn civilian populations of the location of mined areas.There are therefore 3 distinct areas where the risk from mines could be reduced by the application of new technologies. These are:- The identificatio
8、n of areas of contamination;- Detection of individual mines;- Rendering safe of minesAIM：The aim of this paper is to explain the requirements of mine clearers and donors from new mine detection technologies.The utility of new technology solely for the rendering safe of mines or UXO will not be consi
9、dered.DEFINITIONS：Mine. A mine is any munition placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and designed to be detonated or exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle.Mine clearance. For the purposes of this paper, mine clearance involves all processes involve
10、d in the removal and disposal of mines from a defined area. This may include an instance where the conduct of a mine detection operation allows an area to be declared as free of mines.Mine detection. For the purposes of this paper, mine detection is defined as the ability to identlfy the presence of
11、 a mine and determine its location without causing its fuzing mechanism to function.Render safe procedure (RSP). For the purposes of this paper, the term Render Safe Procedure (RSP) describes the action taken on a mine (or any item of unexploded ordnance) to separate the explosive from the action of
12、 the initiation mechanism.Mechanical clearance device. For the purposes of this paper, the term mechanical clearance device is used to describe an item of equipment that detonates, disrupts or destroys mines without manual approach by the equipment operator or other mine clearance personnel to withi
13、n the danger area of the mine, except where protected by the armour of the clearance device.REQUIREMENT：The requirement of humanitarian mine clearance is not merely to clear mines perse. Rather, it is to return land contaminated, or believed contaminated, by mines or other unexploded ordnance UXO),
14、to use by the civil population whilst minimizing the risk to the mine clearance team personnel.It is reported that current mine clearance resources are only able to clear an equivalent of 1/35 of the mines still being laid around the world. Therefore, the utility of any mine clearance technology mus
15、t be measured against its ability to assist in this process by improving this ratio.The value of such new technology will be measured by its ability to assist mine clearers and donors to maximize the return of donors from mine clearance programmes whilst improving the effectiveness and safety of min
16、e clearance operations.IDENTIFYING AREAS OF CONTAMINATION:The identifying of areas of contamination assists considerably in the clearance process. Firstly, it allows mine clearance planners to assess the extent of the problem, thus assisting in the resource allocation process; secondly, it allows mine clearers to maximize effort by concentrating resources in the areas of greatest contamination, rather than merely starting at one end of th
