1、翻译部分外文资料原文Directions of changes of hard coal output technologies in PolandTurek Marian*Central Mining Institute, 40-166 Katowice, PolandA b s t r a c t ：The author presents the results being the effect of the analysis of innovative rate of individual technologies applied in opening up, development a
2、nd extraction works which was carried out within the project: “scenarios of technological development of hard coal extractive industry”. After presentation of opening up, development and extraction technologies that are applied in Polish hard coal industry and their classication with regard to innov
3、ation degree the author describes those technologies in a detailed manner. He brings attention to the most effective systems for hard coal deposits opening up, development and their extraction, including the extraction of the residual coal. The attention is also paid to the safety level of the appli
4、ed technologies.Keywords: Technologies Manridng Materials transport Mechanisation Development 1. IntroductionThe presented analysis of innovativeness of individual technologies of the hard coal production process was carried out in the framework of the project entitled “Scenarios of technological de
5、velopment of hard coal extractive industry” 1. In the framework of conducted investigations the division into the following tech-nological areas was performed (Fig. 1) 2.For individual technological areas the corresponding with them technologies were presented according to their innovativeness degre
6、e with the division into disseminated and development technologies. The following innovativeness criteria were adopted 3.1) 2BdDisseminated technologies, medium innovativeness level,2) 2CdDisseminated technologies, high innovativeness level,3) 1AdDevelopment technologies, low innovativeness level,4)
7、 1BdDevelopment technologies, medium innovativeness level,5) 1CdDevelopment technologies, high innovativeness level.For each technology group the following time periods of implementation of distinguished innovative technologies were singled out 4:1) until 2010,2) until 2015,3) until 2020 and,4) afte
8、r 2020.The technologies counted among the time period until 2015 constitute the optimistic variant of development of the hard coal mining sector. The technologies implemented with lower intensity, i.e., until 2020 constitute the variant of sustainable development of hard coal mining. Technologies co
9、unted among the time period after 2020 constitute the pessimistic vision of the mining sector development 5.Among the variants of optimistic scenarios of development of underground deposit extraction technology were counted (Table 1)6,7.Among variants of sustainable and pessimistic scenarios of deve
10、lopment of underground deposit extraction technology were counted (Table 2) 8.2. Extraction technologiesThe optimistic variants of extraction technologies constitute the most effective systems for hard coal deposits and extraction of remainders.The basic systems of hard coal deposit extraction in Po
11、land will remain longwall systems of different forms, with the distinct superiority of the longitudinal or diagonal system with roof caving. The main directions of longwall system development will aim at the improvement of system effectiveness and safety level through9:1) improvement of reliability
12、of individual equipment elements,2) development of an effective construction of self-slideable dam in hydraulic stowing systems,3) development of the plough technique for the needs of extraction of seams with thickness below 1.5 m,4) modication of driving and improvement of maintaining of gate roads
13、 including crossings with the longwall,5) improvement of thick coal size yield,6) better adaptation to natural hazard conditions, especially rock burst, re and methane hazards,7) use of remote steering systems and automatics.Remainder deposits, located within pillars and seam parts with irregular fo
14、rms will gradually force the use of short-front systems, especially open end systems (pillar-open end) and roadway systems; their chief advantages are 10:1) possibility to use the known and commonly applied mechanisation of mining operations,2) considerable elasticity from the aspect of adaptation t
15、o changeable mining and geological conditions of coal seams,3) possibility to extract seam parts with complicated forms,4) possibility of mining and power plant wastes disposal in post extraction voids,5) considerably reduced impacts of extraction on the surface(roadway system).Fig. 1. Technological
16、 areas.Table 1 Underground deposit extraction technologies of optimistic scenarios.In the sustainable variant of development of extraction technologies possible to implement until 2020 the following technologies were distinguished:1) Fundamental directions of development of short-front open end systems will to a high extent be in line with the directions assumed for lo
